Baz Luhrmann’s Essay

How does Baz Luhrmann’s film adaptation of â€Å"Romeo and Juliet† visually highlight Shakespeare’s rich language and imagery? Shakespeare’s use of language reflects the theatre of his day. There were no elaborate set designs, costumes, lighting or sound effects and there were also only a small number of actors playing many different parts. This could get confusing and therefore the language and imagery had to do all the work for the audience, as the words were the only tools available to help them imagine the scenes vividly. In the prologue of â€Å"Romeo and Juliet†, line number twelve; â€Å"Is now the two hours’ traffic of our stage† and the very last words; â€Å"our toil shall strive to mend†, have significant meaning. These sentences, spoken by the chorus, highlight to the audience the key plot elements to come. It gives the audience an idea of what they are about to watch or read and makes the ensuing action more intelligible. This dramatic convention therefore acts almost like a movie trailer. In Baz Luhrmann’s film adaptation of the play, the prologue begins with a long shot of a television (within a television), with a reporter speaking to us from inside of it. Behind the reporter’s left shoulder are the words â€Å"star-crossed lovers† and a symbol of a broken ring. This, in the first minute of the play, already introduces us to the fact that Romeo and Juliet are star-crossed lovers, which is a major theme throughout the entire play. The news reporter then delivers the whole prologue from beginning to end, before the camera zooms further and further in until the point of extreme close up, at which point the prologue changes. This is how Baz Luhrmann achieves a similar effect to Shakespeare’s dramatic use of the prologue. By doing this, it is almost as if we are â€Å"entering† the movie and if you do not wish to â€Å"go in† then it is your choice not to continue watching. In the second sentence of the prologue, â€Å"In fair Verona (where we lay our scene)†, Shakespeare carefully uses the positive modifier â€Å"fair† to describe the city. This emphasizes the fact that Verona is closely associated with God, therefore establishing it as a peaceful, moral city. However, this is contradicted by negative modifiers in the next sentences of the prologue, which are â€Å"From ancient grudge break to new mutiny, where civil blood makes civil hands unclean†. This brings in the fact that there is an old grudge between two families. However, with this grudge there is blood shed and constant fights, some of which draw in innocent civilians. In the movie this section of the prologue is shot from a fast-moving helicopter. There is an extreme long shot and an aerial view of Verona, which introduces us to the town. A statue of Jesus is shown, immediately followed by the words â€Å"IN FAIR VERONA†, in large, white letters. Then, for several seconds, there is jump cutting between the Jesus statue and the phrase. This is how Baz Luhrmann shows us that Verona is normally a good, religious city. This is then followed by some fast, substantial shots. We are shown two separate buildings; one which has the sign â€Å"Montague† at the top, and the other which has the sign â€Å"Capulet† on top. This introduces us to the two feuding families who are the centre of the play. In addition, a police car which says â€Å"Verona Police† is filmed. All of these key points visually highlight Shakespeare’s imagery and language. The police car is an indication of the violence to come that is caused by the feud and upsets the normal, peaceful status quo. The first six lines of the prologue are essentially the most important in establishing the plot – for example lines three and four from the prologue: â€Å"from ancient grudge break to new mutiny† and â€Å"where civil blood makes civil hands unclean†. Luhrmann usually emphasises these points with newspaper headlines shown in the movie with those exact sentences on them. These lines of the prologue are also heard as the voice-over of the Friar. Jump cutting is used to move from headline to headline and the newspapers are shot in extreme close up, surrounded by flames of fire. With each sentence of the prologue that is said, an accompanying image is shown on the screen with it. These include violent images such as police cars and police helicopters. Overall, expressive lighting is used in the film, to add even greater intensity to the conflict between peace and war in Verona. This, along with words such as â€Å"death†, â€Å"rage† and â€Å"blood†, really start to show the dark side of the plot and ironically contrasts with Verona being described as a â€Å"fair† city previously. Next, line ten of the prologue, â€Å"the continuance of their parents’ rage†, establishes the fact that the grudge between the families is a long-standing ordeal. This is represented in the movie with a montage, showing the many magazines which talk about the hatred of the two families. Line five in the prologue, â€Å"from forth the fatal loins of these two foes†, aims to introduce the parents of Romeo and Juliet and in fact the two main characters themselves. Therefore, at this point, Baz Lurhmann shows a short clip of each significant actor in the movie. This is followed by a freeze frame on them, with the name of their character and any outstanding relationships he or she might have with other characters. The freeze frames are extremely close up on the characters’ faces and it sets the scene for the rest of the movie, so we know who to look out for. This is also an opportunity for Baz Luhrmann to give some limited information about the characters’ status. He does so by filming Montague and Capulet at a slightly lower angle than the others, making them appear more intimidating than the rest. This is how he effectively shows that they are the heads of the two households. In lines six and nine of the prologue, Shakespeare uses such phrases as â€Å"star-crossed† and â€Å"death-marked† to describe Romeo and Juliet’s love. First of all, â€Å"love† and â€Å"death† are oxymoronic and are not commonly found together in the same sentence. Secondly, â€Å"star-crossed† implies that they have no control over their love. It implies that Fate is in control and the minute they fell in love both were destined to die. In the film during this time, loud, fast and rising operatic music is played. This is incidental music significantly increases the level of tension and drama in the prologue. This is therefore appropriate for trying to emphasize the fact of the couple’s fated love. What Baz Luhrmann does here is basically pull the whole prologue together. Proceeding this, after the prologue has been explained, Baz Luhrmann tries to increase the level of suspense even further, to truly point out the violence and the tragic ending of the play. Therefore what he does, with the opera music still playing, is show most of the prologue on the screen in writing. Jump cutting is used between each sentence, but it is barely readable since the editing is at such a high speed, so the prologue is literally flashing before your eyes. Afterwards, Baz Luhrmann shows snippets from the entire movie to the audience. Jump cutting is used and the images flash at a very high speed before you. He goes from the end to the beginning of the movie, and what he achieves is, in a sense, a visual prologue! At the very end of the prologue, the title â€Å"Romeo + Juliet† comes up and the ‘plus’ sign is actually made to suggest a Christian cross. This subtly reminds us of the religious side of the play. This includes the Friar, who is a religious personage, the wedding that Romeo and Juliet have and also the whole theme of destiny and some divinity or higher power looking over and controlling us in life. So in conclusion, this is how Baz Luhrmann’s film adaptation of the prologue from â€Å"Romeo and Juliet† successfully visually highlights Shakespeare’s rich language and imagery. We can see how he has gone through the prologue and then fairly systematically translated its deeper meaning, in remarkably creative ways. He effectively translates all the messages of the prologue in a contemporary and entertaining context.

T: String Quartet in G Major, K. 80, III (Menuetto)

Wolfgang Amedeus Mozart (1756-1791) was one of the most influential composers of the classical era. He was already proficient on violin and piano by age 5, which is the same age in which he began composing. In 1770, when Mozart was 14 years old, he composed â€Å"String Quartet in G Major, K. 80†. The string quartet has 4 movements: â€Å"Adagio†, â€Å"Allegro†, â€Å"Menuetto†, and â€Å"Rondeao Allegro†. The third movement, â€Å"Menuetto†, begins in the key of G major, but modulates to D major on beat one of measure 12. It then modulates back to G major on beat one of measure 16. When listening to a recording of the movement, it is hard to hear the modulation because Mozart snuck in the C sharps so smoothly. Mozart uses non-harmonic tones in the first violin, second violin, viola, and cello parts. In measure three, the violin has a neighboring tone and an appoggiatura. The violin also has escape tones throughout the piece. -3 and 6-5 suspensions occur in measures 4 and 24 in the first violin and viola parts. Throughout the movement, there are passing tones and neighboring tones in the second violin, viola, and cello parts. There are also many 6/4 chords, including passing 6/4 chords in measures 3, 11, 12, and 14. This movement has two sections: A and B. However, A occurs again at the end of the movement. The first section, A, occurs in the measures 1 through 8, and has two parts: a and b. This section is a contrasting period, because there is a half cadence on measure 4, a perfect authentic cadence on measure 8, and the entire section repeats. The next section, B, occurs in measures 9-20, and has three parts: a, b, and c. There is a perfect authentic cadence at measure 16, and a half cad ence at measure 20. Section A occurs again from measures 21-28. There is a half cadence at measure 24 and a perfect authentic cadence at measure 28. The entire movement is in sectional rounded binary form.

International Law - UN, NATO Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

International Law - UN, NATO - Essay Example Twice in the annals of world history has there been marked deterioration in peace resulting in large scale usage of force to kill people and destroy nations that took centuries to build. The positive outcome of these two wars is in the form of United Nations to debunk any attempt by any of the nations to go to war. The history of peace can possibly look at to have started with the Peace of Westphalia in 1658 and the Treaty of Pyrenees in 1659 (Jackson RH & Owens P, 2005, p53). These treaties gain significance because of the recognition they gave to the nation states and their existence. Much of the work done during this phase of the long wars, brought about the thinking that resulted in the formation of League of Nations at the end of the First World War. With the end of the First World War, there was a wide spread thought of bringing lasting peace to the world. In line with Paris Peace Conference of 1919, the League of Nations was born (George Gill, 1996). But that was not to be. However, the formation and the failure of the League was a lesson in the formation of the United Nations later on after the Second World War. The thought process, as George Gill (1996) points out, was also influenced by the Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928. In this precursor of a pact, sixty two countries signed for not u sing war for cases that can be resolved by using diplomacy. In the early days of the United Nations with countries existing mostly under the two separate units, more as a bipolar world, the rules were made to contain either of them. With NATO and the Warsaw Pact countries raging a cold war that sent them up into a spiral of weapons race and tall claims of technological marvels the UN was a table to bring both the groups together (Bruno Simma, 1995). The significance of every one of the Articles in the UN Charter should be examined under this purview. It should also be noted that with the rapid change in the political climate of the world and the world moving from the bipolar to a unilateral structure, many of these Articles could lose their sheen. The Articles of the UN charter (Charter of the United Nations, 2007) that is of interest in the current context are the following: Article 2(4):- [a]ll Members [of the UN] shall refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state, or in any other manner inconsistent with the Purposes of the United Nations. While this article provides for the complete ban on the use of force, there are specific exceptions that the UN Charter allows (Bruno Simma, 1995). These are essentially in the form two Articles that provide for these instances of exception. Article 51:- Nothing in the present Charter shall impair the inherent right of individual or collective self-defense if an armed attack occurs against a Member of the United Nations, until the Security Council

Build and sustain an innovative work environment 2 Assignment

Build and sustain an innovative work environment 2 - Assignment Example The company has put measures in place to ensure that the emissions from the plant are minimized to prevent environmental degradation. The company’s business booms because waste is produced on a daily basis from households. The company applies both traditional and modern methods in its business approach. The strategy enables the company to manage the innovation process properly. The traditional business approach enables the company to streamline its activities in order to achieve its objectives. The other strategy entails the building of support for the business. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (2009, p. 59) claims that the process of building support for the incineration involves strategic alignment. The strategy promotes objectivity within the business framework in order to explore more innovative means of doing business. The company also engages in the scrutiny of the emerging trends in the incineration business in order to identify novel means of doing business. The strategy gives the firm industrial foresight. Consequently, the company can explore new ways of doing business. The company focuses on the specific needs of the communities. In this regard, the welfare of the public is guaranteed. The responsible disposal of the garbage benefits the public given that the disposal preserves the ozone layer, which is a source of livelihood for millions of people. Corporate responsibility enhances the objectives of the company. The company utilizes its assets constructively and makes use of modern technology in its operations (Hester and Harrison, 2014, p. 83). Additionally, the company is proactive and ready to face any form of eventuality. The company has a culture of motivating and inspiring its employees, which enhances the innovativeness of the firm. The strategy fosters discipline in the firm. Discipline enhances the creativity of the firm workers. The company modifies its innovative principle in

The Hurricane Katrina Catastrophe Research Paper

The Hurricane Katrina Catastrophe - Research Paper Example This paper aims to discuss the statistical facts of the storm and then goes on to analyze it in terms of mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery measures. The hurricane Katrina catastrophe remains a somber reminder of the massive destructive force of nature, and the way the American nation confronted its position ‘in the eye of the storm’. â€Å"Hurricane Katrina formed over the southeastern Bahamas on August 23, 2005. The storm moved towards Florida made  landfall  between  Hallandale Beach  and  Aventura  on the morning of August 25. From there it moved on to the Gulf of Mexico, growing from a Category  3 hurricane to a Category  5 hurricane in a matter of mere hours. On Saturday, August 27, the storm reached Category  3 intensity on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale becoming the third  major hurricane  of the season. It gained strength and reached Category  5 status on the morning of August 28. Katrina made two more landfalls in the region before finally confronting absorption by the frontal boundary on August 31† (Knabb et al., 2005). In particular, Katrina was one of the five horrifying hurricanes of USA that resulted in deaths of approximately 1,836 people (Knabb et al., 2005). In addition, about 700 missing people were not included in the death count. Hundreds of thousands of local residents were left homeless and unemployed. It was the most expensive hurricane in U.S history, with physical damages worth about seventy-five billion dollars. This estimate does not include the damages to the economy caused by a disruption in oil supply and export of commodities as well as disruption to the sugar and tourism industry in the affected states. â€Å"It is estimation that the total economical effect in Louisiana and Mississippi may exceed $150 billion† (Burton & Hicks, 2005). The destruction caused by such a large hurricane is inevitable. It resulted in an impact on a region of approximately 90,000 squ are miles (DHS, 2008). However, the amount of damage caused could have been reduced had there been proper preparations for such a natural disaster. The biggest tragedy occurred in New Orleans due to the failure of the levee system. This resulted in heavy flooding and as much as 80% of the city became submerged under water (DHS, 2008). Experts indicated that this failure was due to design flaws in the system along with inadequate maintenance. The blame for the failure of the levee system was assigned to â€Å"the US Army Corps of Engineers  (USACE), the designers and builders of the levee system† (U.S. House of Representatives, 2006), and a lawsuit was filed against them for failing to pay sufficient attention to public safety. In addition, certain flood gates were not closed, this carelessness resulted in further flooding. Beachfront towns suffered worse property damage where 90% of the residential areas were flooded due to lack of proper preventative methods (DHS, 2008). T he failure of the levee system is responsible for many deaths in the state of Louisiana. Max Mayfield, director of the National Hurricane Research Center stated, "I do not think anyone can tell you with confidence right now whether the levees will be topped or not, but that is obviously a very, very great concern† (Blanco, 2006). This in effect marks on of the most fundamental planning failures of the government. In the case of a typical hurricane, the plan was for the disaster relief forces to reach the affected areas by land. However, in case the

Same Sex Marriage in California Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Same Sex Marriage in California - Essay Example Hence, the people wanted to pass this measure as a constitutional amendment to restore the definition of a recognized marriage in California as between a man and a woman. When the advocates of Proposition 8 presented their measure to the California Secretary of State in 2007 for permission to circulate, the ballot title that was given to it was the "California Marriage Protection Act". Prior to the passage of the Proposition 8, same-sex marriage was a constitutionally-protected right in California. The California Supreme Court Justices affirmed this understanding of the constitution in May 2008. Charlene Gomes (2005) argued that since that there is an increasing number of committed same-sex couples in the United States, there is a need for legal recognition of these relationships in order to foster the emotional and economic well-being of these families. Marvin Allison (2007) argued from a progressive religious perspective, which emphasizes justice at the heart of marriage, sexuality and family. He stated that justice means seeking abundant life for all. He then states that justice requires careful examination of social practices and institution that foster or forbid human flourishing. Furthermore, he stated that justice demands that we empower disenfranchised persons so they may lead their own life projects. A just society is one that allows people to fulfill their individual desires such as the capacity to enjoy various sexual partnerships. Several states such as Vermont, New York City, and foreign jurisdictions have passed laws allowing same-sex couples. These places cov er the Netherlands, Denmark, Germany, Iceland, Sweden, Portugal, Greenland and the Basque region of Spain. The case of Vermont is particularly interesting since same-sex marriage had been promoted judicially by that state. It was on July 1, 2000, when the law allowing civil unions went into effect in Vermont. Civil Unions extend to gay and lesbian couples "all the same benefits, protections and responsibilities under law, whether they derive from statute, administrative or court rule, policy, common law or any other source of civil law, as are granted to spouses in a marriage" (15 V.S.A. [section] 1204(a)).Opponents of the same-sex marriage argue that it goes against the well-being of society. Glen Lavy of the Arizona legal defense group, Alliance Defense Fund stated that he opposes same-sex marriage since it fosters the well-being of children and society. He was pleased with the New York Court when it issued the statement that the government had a key interest in advancing heterosexual marriage as the social institution that best forges a linkage between sex, procreation and child reari ng. Social science researchers have come up with studies that reinforce stability of a heterosexual marriage as providing a positive environment for children to grow up and become responsible adults.Same-sex marriage goes against Christian tradition that has seen sexual love as a gift from God and a good in its own right. However, it also recognizes the dangers of undisciplined desire and its strong destructive potential.Several independent church groups have campaigned for the passage of Proposition 8. The Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations of America headed by evangelical minister Rick Warren supported the passage of Prop. 8. The National Organization for Marriage and Focus on the Family campaigned and helped

Role of gender Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Role of gender - Essay Example They were considered to be clean after the cut, and this was a licence to marriage (Dirie 11). The essay, "The Brothels Bottom Line," highlights the various evils young girls are subjected to in the brothel business. According to the story girls are sex objects that men can buy to please themselves and dispose whenever they please. They are used as tools of trade by brothel owners, who attach no value to them, to a point of beating them to death. Others are stitched their private parts to become virgins solely for the purpose of their owners making more money. While there are people who attach good gender roles to girls’ economic growth, like involving in businesses, others do not see the use of women apart from pleasing men (Kristof 4-8). The essays have various lessons about the role of gender in our culture. They show that gender plays a big role in shaping our children’s destiny. Gender assigns various roles to people and they assume these roles to their maturity. While in the essay "The Tragedy of Female Circumcision," the author was circumcised because her grandmother and great grandmother had too been circumcised, the girls in "The Brothels Bottom Line† essay who had become used to prostitution found it hard to leave the business. Gender plays a great role in shaping our reasoning and determines who we are at maturity. Srey Mom in the essay had become addicted to methamphetamine and decided to stick to it even after being saved from the brothels, she opted to go back to the habit. From both essays, it is evident that gender is responsible for assigning people various roles that they play in their cultures. Although they point at the negativity of the said roles, gender is also responsible for posit ive roles assigned to people in the society.   Globally, different cultures have different perceptions regarding gender. While the culture of various third world countries like Africa and some Asian countries assign specific

Russia and Eastern Europe After Lenin Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Russia and Eastern Europe After Lenin - Essay Example Post war development in Russia under Stalinism influenced the economically and strategically forward European nations which had followed the system of Stalinism for a long time until the result of World War II brought drastic changes in the political and economic definitions across the world. This essay focuses on the development and decline of Stalinism in different countries across Central and Eastern Europe during the post-war period. During the time of developmental changes in Russia, Leninist followers identified the ratification possibilities of the state to approve the powers of capital investors over the working class of the country. Revolutionary leaders of Russia then framed actions and campaigns to direct the state administration to communism. The ideal principle of the movements of Leninists was the preference of revolution to evolution and social democracy to communism. However, the two leaders were guided by more less similar principle and were highly regarded as the leaders of the masses. According Foster (2007), both Lenin and Stalin were men of action and thought who have shown the example of coordination of theories and practices required for the realisation of daily needs of the masses of the country for achieving the desired outlook of socialism. By the end of Leninist era, Stalin emerged as a prime figure in the Republic of Russia with his principles of centralized administration and trust in th e employment of terror for power. The Stalinist invasion of Europe started with the agreement of Germany giving away the states of Baltic and part of Nazi dominant part of Poland to Russia (Western Civilization, 1997). Stalin’s foremost political identity was reflected by his distrust for the Western Europeans and the immediate lenience he showed to the supporting nations that stood along with his interest. The time of Churchill posed crucial protest

Atlantic Conveyor Belt System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Atlantic Conveyor Belt System - Essay Example In detailed, ocean waters circulate around the world in patterns due to factors including the differences in solar energy received by the equator and the poles, topography of the ocean floor and coastal land masses, changes in seawater density, rotation of Earth around its axis, and atmospheric winds. The pattern of the Atlantic conveyor belt is the northward flow of warm surface waters from the Caribbean along the Atlantic coast of the United States, known as the Gulf Stream. As the warm waters reach the North Atlantic, it becomes denser due to the lowering of temperature, and becomes more saline from the evaporation of surface water and formation of ice. Denser water sinks forming a cold bottom current in the Atlantic. The current then circulates to the south towards Antarctica and turn eastward. By passing across the equator, the water becomes warm, rises to the surface and veers westward towards the Atlantic Ocean (Bloom 2011). Moreover, the Scientists of the National Aeronotics Space Administration once suspected that the speed of the Atlantic conveyor belt has slowed down. However, using recent measurements of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation show no significant slowing of overturning over the past 15 years NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 2010). On the contrary, it was found out that water circulation had sped up about 20 percent from 1993 to 2009 (NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory 2010). The circulation of the Atlantic Ocean is very important in the climate system. The warm currents contribute to the higher average temperatures of about 5Â °C in the East Coast of the United States, Europe, and Scandinavia compared to other land masses along the same latitude (Bloom 2011). In general, warm currents transport energy from the tropics to the sub polar North Atlantic. It also influences weather and climate patterns. Cold currents facilitate the transfer of carbon from

Discuss the problems created by high stakes testing, and give testing Essay

Discuss the problems created by high stakes testing, and give testing alternatives - Essay Example These controversies bring about the concept that people, students in particular, are not being tested with the knowledge that they actually know, therefore being graded unfairly. One of the biggest controversies over high-stakes testing is that the creators of the exams seem to be under the mindset that every student sitting the exam has had the same educational experience. For example, the test may make mention of a specific book, yet is done so without the thought that perhaps not every student has read that book. The majority of high-stakes testing are formed with the assumption that everybody should have the same knowledge when, in reality, not every school, or every teacher, follows the same curriculum as the rest of them. Furthermore, students may not have the knowledge through no fault of their own. Not every student is given an equal opportunity to learn the material that will be present on the test. Another issue that can go hand-in-hand with the previously mentioned problem is that high-stakes testing does not correctly measure the knowledge or skills of the individual. The tests tend to focus on specific subjects such as, as aforementioned, a specific book while claiming to see how well a student has been able to grasp English. Instead of focusing on a broader subject that many students may have learned, the creators of these tests seem to want to focus more on narrower subjects that there is a good chance that few students have learned. While the student may understand the concepts, they are unable to use this unread book to help them solve the answers. These tests seem to be measuring more what someone does not know rather than what they do. A third contention in regard to high-stakes testing is that these tests are attached to questionable rewards, such as high school diplomas. As previously mentioned, it is not always the case in which the students are at

Types Of TV Watchers Essay Example for Free

Types Of TV Watchers Essay Television has evolved – we are now seeing more of special effects, fantasy elements, hard-core drama in specialized environments like hospitals or public schools compared to the traditional soap opera with assembled set backdrops. In this globalizing world, television has to compete not only in their own countries for market share, but across the globe. Their efforts are not for naught, because it had spawned a generation of TV watchers of all ages. Briefly, a TV watcher is a person who watches TV for any of the following reasons: for information, entertainment, or out of habit. Generally following this guideline, there are three kinds of TV watchers: the information-driven TV watcher, the entertainment-freak, and the TV-phile.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Information-driven TV watchers turn on their television sets to watch the news. At what end of the spectrum, conservative information-driven TV watchers tune in to local news to have an idea of current events, and at other extreme they tune in to CNN and BBC to keep abreast of the latest developments in the political and economic aspects of the world, or to National Geographic and Discovery Channel if they are into Nature than Politics. The key is they watch TV for the sole purpose of acquiring information in the areas that are relevant to their lives. In contrast, the entertainment-freak TV watchers sit in front of their TVs for the sole purpose of accruing pleasure from the activity. These TV watchers want to be entertained – generally they do not want to be bothered with the universal existential questions that have plagued humanity from the beginning of time, they just want to plop down the couch and relax after a day’s work. These are people who watch soaps like Desperate Housewives and House, fantasy-action like Heroes and Lost, and comedies like Ugly Betty. Entertainment-freak TV watchers watch TV for the leisure of it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Finally, TV-philes are people who turn on the TV because it gives them a different sense of comfort. They function well with the sound of TV in the background as they go about their chores, occasionally glancing to keep up with what is being aired. They watch TV even when there is nothing good on, because they do not have anything else to do. They stay up late for the late night movie specials, they know the program schedules by heart, and they can give lectures on the new trends in television programming. These are the people who tune in to MTV 24/7, or to HBO the whole day.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Of course, this is only a rough guide of TV watchers, and there are hybrids and types in between. An important thing to remember is that a real TV watcher knows when to open the TV and for what purpose.

Business Philosophy of Starbucks

Business Philosophy of Starbucks Starbucks is a coffee shop company. It is one of the most popular coffee shops in U.S. and other countries. Starbucks purchases and roasts high-quality whole bean coffees and sells them. Starbucks has more than 16,600 coffee shops in about 40 countries. The outlets offer coffee drinks and food items, as well as roasted beans, coffee accessories, and teas. Starbucks operates more than 8,800 of its shops, which are located in about 10 countries (mostly in the US), Starbuck aim is to be the best brand in all over the world. Starbuck have introduced a coffee named Frappucino for those who dont like to have coffee. Starbucks has become more than your regular coffee shop. people are coming in the shop for a morning lift before heading to the office or people are stopping by while enjoying a mid afternoon stroll throughout the city streets, Starbucks has enticed more than regular people looking for their daily dose of coffee. Frappuccinos which are created with real milk are a favourite amongst Starbucks customers. They come in a variety of flavours, of course, traditional Coffee, golden caramel, chocolate chip, sweet strawberries and cream, smooth vanilla, and chocolaty mocha. In the summer, when the heat become intolerable a Frappucino will cool you down and you can also order with crushed ice. Starbucks has successfully brought drinking coffee to a higher level. Starbuck also launched his starbucks card for customer who will receive free syrup and fee milk when they order espresso drink. Ethical Sourcing Starbuck coffees want to lead for their best coffee in the world. Starbucks always believe in serving best coffee to their customer if possible. Starbucks has always believed in buying, roasting, and serving the highest quality coffee in the world. By promoting responsible growing practices, star buck are able to serve a great cup of coffee while helping to improve the lives of farmers and protect the environment. We are also applying the knowledge we have gained through our work with coffee farmers to other areas of our supply chain. Environmental Stewardship Starbucks believe in the importance of caring for our planet working with and encouraging others to do the same. As a company that relies on an agricultural product, it makes good business sense. As a company that relies on an agricultural product, Starbucks is vulnerable to the effects of climate change. In order to maintain our high quality standards and help preserve the planet for future generations, were taking bold actions to reduce our environmental impact. At the store level, energy and water conservation and other green building strategies continue to be key priorities with potential to significantly minimize our environmental footprint. Toward 100% reusable or recyclable cups In March 2006, Starbucks introduced a new disposable cup containing 10% postconsumer recycled content. Starbucks are working to develop a recyclable paper cup that reduces its environmental impact over its entire life time the materials used to make it, the impact of the way its manufactured, and the way it is disposed of after use. In 2009 star bucks convened a first-ever summit with local governments, cup manufacturers, recyclers, and other stakeholders to jointly identify the steps required to make our cups recyclable in form and in practice. And we developed local market survey and implementation tools to accelerate front-of-store recycling in the future and we found that we had served 4.4 million more beverages in reusable cups in 2009 than in 2008. Toward 100% recycling in our stores Over the years, starbucks white cup has been integral part of the coffee house experience. At the same time, it has become a major concern among our customers due to recycling challenges. In order to respond to customers and minimize our carbon footprint, were aiming to ensure 100 percent of our cups are reusable or recyclable by 2015. Were currently working on a number of complementary initiatives to advance our progress in this area. We realize there is no quick fix for this problem; we still have much to learn. we are making the best what we can do to clean the environment and by recycling our cups. MARKETING STARBUCKS IS A GREAT COMPANY FOR MARKETING Starbucks competes in a highly substitutable market .Starbucks has done a lot in this area to promote brand loyalty by orienting its overall image and structure to be one of a socially responsible organization with the idea will that people will ultimately support organizations that give back and are aware of their impact. The company also strives to have the absolute best customer service realising that people not only buy coffee, but a social experience as well. One advantage that may set Starbucks apart is the having a solid online marketing program. It should hire qualified online marketing managers to oversee its websites function retain customers and curb product substitution. Marketing Mix When Starbucks marketing their products firms need to create a successful mix of: Product the right product Place sold at the right price Price in the right price Promotion using the most suitable promotion Starbucks marketing mix PRODUCT Starbucks is known for providing superior products and services. Consumers have enjoyed the experience they encounter at Starbucks, and now for those who seek a high quality non-coffee drink can enjoy the same experience. By introducing these new summer drinks, Starbucks will enjoy an entirely new segment to market its products to. When looking at the sales revenues for the summer drinks it is important to consider that some of the existing customers will inevitably cross over and begin consuming the new drinks. In the end, the expansion of the product line is a wise decision because of the ease of adoption to Starbucks reputation for quality as well as the low cost of implementation increase consumer awareness of the companys activities. PRICE Starbucks products are reasonably priced while offering quality coffee. Products are targeted towards general publics, thus their pricing are generally acceptable to attract more customers. Price and quality determines the value of the product. Starbucks was expensive and was positioned in accordance with that. They always tried to deliver the high value promised to the consumer. PLACE Starbucks is a place for people to come to, a place to not be alone, a place to be with other people, and a place where, without having to do anything people become a part of a community of sorts. From my first observation at Starbucks I noted that the character of the space is divided into two categories. First there is the quick and simple transaction, in and out with your coffee; and the second is the use of Starbucks as an office, meeting place. To some customers convenient is the key point. Hence, Starbucks takes into consideration for these consumers. PROMOTION Starbucks invested heavily in training their staffs and did innovative tactics to manage their human capital. Thus they differentiated themselves in the market by constantly providing higher quality services Starbucks Marketing SWOT Strengths Starbucks Corporation is a very profitable organization, earning in excess of $600 million in 2004.The company generated revenue of more than $5000 million in the same year. It is a global coffee brand built upon a reputation for fine products and services. It has almost 9000 cafes in almost 40 countries. Starbucks was one of the Fortune Top 100 Companies to Work For in 2005. The company is a respected employer that values its workforce. Weaknesses Starbucks has a reputation for new product development and creativity. However, they remain vulnerable to the possibility that their innovation may falter over time. The organization has a strong presence in the United States of America with more than three quarters of their cafes located in the home market. It is often argued that they need to look for a portfolio of countries, in order to spread business risk. Opportunities Starbucks are very good at taking advantage of opportunities New products and services that can be retailed in their cafes, such as Fair Trade products. The company has the opportunity to expand its global operations. New markets for coffee such as India and the Pacific Rim nations are beginning to emerge. Threats Who knows if the market for coffee will grow and stay in favor with customers, or whether another type of beverage or leisure activity will replace coffee in the future? Starbucks are exposed to rises in the cost of coffee and dairy products.

Supply Chain Management The Bullwhip Effect Commerce Essay

Supply Chain Management The Bullwhip Effect Commerce Essay In recent years in the supply chain management theory there has been done a lot of research over the phenomenon called the Bullwhip effect In brief, this negative effect occurs when the demand order variabilities in the supply chain are amplified as they moved up the supply chain (Lee et. al, 1997a) and can lead to such big inefficiencies as lost revenues and poor customer service. Many of the authors in their scientific papers contributed a lot to the development of the topic by describing the Bullwhip effect, explaining and evaluating its reasons, its implications and possible ways of its reduction, using higher mathematics (Chen et. al, 1999; Dejonckheere et. al, 2001; Warburton, 2004; Croson Donohue, 2003) and specialized software (like SISCO) (Chatfield et al., 2004) to create simulation models. In our brief overview, however, we will not consider all of these particularized mathematical studies in detail, we will just try to focus on the more theoretical explanation of the neg ative implications of the Bullwhip effect, the possible reasons of its existence, and on the ways of its reduction. In this respect, we think that among all of the respected scientists that devoted their efforts to the Bullwhip effect research, the authors Hau L. Lee, V. Padmanabhan, and Seungjin Whang in their articles The Bullwhip Effect in Supply Chains (1997) and Information Distortion in a Supply Chain: The Bullwhip effect (1997) have not only most profoundly described and explained the notion of the phenomenon of the Bullwhip effect and the reasons of its existence, but also introduced the most valuable and applicable ways of how to diminish its negative consequences. The essay consists of 3 main chapters: the first chapter describes the notion and the implications of the Bullwhip effect, in the second chapter the reasons for its existence are discussed, and the third chapter refers to the ways how to reduce the Bullwhip effect. 1. Implications of the Bullwhip effect There are some different definitions and ways of understanding of so called Bullwhip effect (it can also be referred to as Whiplash effect or Whipsaw effect in some sources). This phenomenon was first established by Forrester (1961). The Bullwhip effect can appear in every industry and in every supply chain. The Bullwhip effect is a consequence of one or a combination of the following four important aspects related to supply chain management, which are, according to Lee et al., demand forecast updating by supply chain partners; order batching; price fluctuation; rationing and shortage gaming. Small order variability on a customer level amplifies the orders for upstream players, such as wholesales and manufacturers, as the orders move up along a supply chain (Paik et al., 2007). As shown in the Figure 1, when consumer sales have really small fluctuations, the retailers demand fluctuates more, the wholesalers demand fluctuates more than the retailers demand and manufacturers demand fluctuates even more than wholesalers demand. (Lee et al., 1997a). According to Forrester, variability of customer orders is usually less than variability of manufacturing orders. To his opinion the main reason for this situation is the irrational behavior of participants involved in a supply chain (Paik et al., 2007). The Bullwhip effect can be observed on different levels: on macro level it shows up in inefficiency in production, scheduling, sourcing, distribution, revenue generalization and its realization (Ravichandran, 2008). on operation level, it reflects in generation of more inventory and keeping it in inappropriate place, to meet a specified service level (Ravichandran, 2008). on performance level, it can reduce the velocity of cash, destroy potential revenue and erode revenue realization (Ravichandran, 2008). These are just some negative consequences of the Bullwhip effect (Carlsson Fuller, 2001): excessive inventory investments poor customer service lost revenues the productivity capital in operations becomes substandard as revenues are lost increasing in transportation costs and sub-optimal transportation pattern demand variability may cause missed production schedule The Bullwhip Effect is a result of behavior of supply chain members and is created by themselves as a result of their rational decision making in situation of short or not full information about real end-customer demand. The Bullwhip Effect is an internal effect. Companies can ignore the Bullwhip effect and suffer from it extra losses or can try to reduce it. 2. The reasons for existence of the Bullwhip effect The good illustration of the Bullwhip effect is the beer game. In this experiment (it first took place in 1980s) participants play four different roles: customers, managers, wholesales and supplies of one of the popular beer brand. It is not allowed to communicate with each other, so participants make decisions about ordering only based on orders from the next downstream player. The results of this experiment are variability and volatility of upstream levels that always exceed variability and volatility of downstream levels. The interpretation of this result can be different. On one hand it can be effect of irrational decision making on each level (Lee et al., 1997a). But on the other hand, if the Bullwhip effect is a summary of rational decision making, we can indentify different main causes, and then the Bullwhip effect appears because of problems in the supply chain structure. These are the main causes of the Bullwhip Effect: 1. Demand forecasting updating (Lee et al., 1997a). Every company on each level of supply chain makes forecasting for production, capacity, inventory, material requirements and demand levels. Demand forecasting is usually based on the order history from the companys immediate customers, i.e. on what the company actually observes (Lee et al., 1997a). By using simply forecasting methods, for example exponential smoothing (forecasting of future demand based on new daily demand and it updating when new data is received) the order that is sent to the suppliers is a reflection of safety stock plus amount that is needed to satisfy future demand. The result is that the variability of amount of orders will increase during going on supply chain from the end-customer to the end supplier. 2. Order batching (in two forms periodic ordering and push ordering) (Lee et al., 1997a). There often appears a situation when companies order once a week, once in two weeks, once a month, instead of ordering every day or every few days. This situation appear because sometimes suppliers cannot satisfy frequent ordering or transportation costs are too high (there is a big difference between full load and less than truckload rate, suppliers may even provide customers with discounts for full-truck loads) or time for processing orders is too long. Companies want to make advantages on economies of scale but amount of ordering varies during the time (people order more on the end of the week, end of the months, holidays etc.) The Bullwhip effect decreases when order cycles decrease. 3. Price fluctuations (Lee et al., 1997a). The bullwhip effect also appears when quantity of goods that customers buy doesnt reflect their current needs. This is a result of customers buying in advance more than they need and stock some quantity because of attractive prices (it can be periodic discounts or promotions events when product prices are low). When level of prices becomes normal, customers stop buying products until they have it in stock. In this case buying structure doesnt reflect the consuming structure, as a result the fluctuation of buying amount is more tremendous than the variation of consuming amount (Lee et al., 1997a). Such discounts and promotions influence negatively the supply chain. It seems like manufactures and distributors create these price fluctuations themselves, and it means that they set up a bullwhip effect themselves. 4. Rationing and shortage gaming (Lee et al., 1997a). There are situations when demand is bigger than supply. In this case customer needs can be satisfied only partly. So customers order bigger amounts than they actually need, and when the situation becomes stable (demand is equal to supply) orders suddenly get cancelled. This means that customers give wrong information about their real demands to the suppliers, and this effect is referred to as gaming (Lee et al., 1997a). This is a common situation for a market. 5. Material and information delays (Paik et al., 2007). According to Towill and his co-authors, material and information delays might be a major contributing factor to the Bullwhip effect (Paik et al., 2007). 6. Supply variability (Paik et al., 2007). According to Taylor, supply variability (machine reliability problems and quality problems) is one of the possible causes of the Bullwhip effect. Output of the unreliable machines fluctuates and it pushes the variability of demands of the upstream members. Variability in production level is thus the initial trigger of demand variability, which in turn triggers the Bullwhip effect (Paik et al., 2007). 7. Number of echelons (Paik et al., 2007). According to Towill and his co-authors and to Ackere, reducing number of one or more intermediates lead to significant reducing of the Bullwhip effect (Paik et al., 2007). 3. The ways to reduce the Bullwhip effect In the previous chapter we described the reasons for existence of the Bullwhip effect. Understanding of these reasons gives a very good base to understanding of how to counteract the negative consequences of the Bullwhip effect. Many companies developed their own successful mechanisms of fighting the outcomes of this effect, and Hau L. Lee, V. Padmanabhan, and Seungjin Whang suggest to divide these various initiatives into three categories: Information sharing, Channel alignment, and Operational efficiency (see Table 1). Table 1 (Lee et al., 1997a) Causes of Bullwhip effect Information sharing Channel alignment Operational efficiency Demand forecast update understanding system dynamics use POS data electronic data interchange Internet computer-assisted ordering (CAO) vendor-managed inventory discount for information sharing consumer direct lead-time reduction echelon-based inventory control Order batching EDI Internet-ordering discount for truck-load assortment delivery appointments consolidation logistics outsourcing reduction in fixed cost of ordering by EDI or electronic commerce CAO Price fluctuations Continuous replenishment program (CRP) Everyday low cost (EDLC) Everyday low price (EDLP) Activity-based costing (ABC) The above mentioned categories imply the following: Information sharing: the information about actual customers demand is transmitted from the downstream site to the upstream; Channel alignment is about coordination of different business activities (as pricing, transportation, planning etc.) between the upstream and the downstream sites in the supply chain, and Operational efficiency implies the set of activities that help to improve performance, such as to reduce the lead-time. Lee et al. introduced a set of efficient countermeasures that were designed to minimize the negative effects of the Bullwhip effect (Lee et al., 1997a, b): Avoid multiple demand forecast updates Since the main reason of existence of the Bullwhip effect is the fact, that every member of the supply chain makes its own demand forecasting based on the data provided to it by its immediate downstream member, the one evident way to avoid this repetitive processing of demand data in a supply chain is to make the real consumption data (that is known at a downstream site) available at all of the upstream sites. This would allow all of the enterprises in a supply chain (from downstream to upstream) to make and update their forecasts based on the same raw data. Data sharing can be implemented, for instance, by the use of the electronic data interchange (EDI) systems. But the practice shows that in some cases even though all of the organizations in a supply chain use the same demand data to make their forecasts, the differences in forecasting methods and/or buying practices may still lead to fluctuations in the orders placed with the upstream sites. Break order batches The main idea here is to avoid another reason of appearance of the Bullwhip effect order batching by developing the strategies that lead to smaller batches and thus more frequent supply. One of the reasons of large order batches and low order frequencies is the high cost of processing the orders, which can be avoided, for example, by the use of electronic document circulation instead of paper-based. The other reason of large order batches is the transportation costs: the differences in the costs of full truckloads and less-than-truckloads are very high, and this makes companies to wait for the full truckloads and thus stretch the replenishment times, which also creates order batching. This problem can also be avoided by inducing by the manufacturers their distributors to order assortments of different products at a time (a truckload from the same producer may contain different products instead of full load of the same product) and thus significantly increase the order frequency. This can be stimulated by offering discounts by manufacturers to their distributors if they order mixed loads. The other effective way to solve the problem of order batching is the use of third-party logistics companies: these companies allow economies of scale by combining loads from different suppliers situated near each other and delivering these loads to different companies, what is especially very u seful for small companies, for which full truckload replenishment times are very long. Stabilize prices A very straightforward way of eliminating the Bullwhip effect caused by forward buying is for the manufacturers to reduce the levels and frequencies of wholesale discounts. One of the most effective ways of doing it is implementing the everyday low price (EDLP) pricing strategy. The practice shows that this strategy is effective both for the suppliers and for the customers since it helps to decrease costs of inventory, storage, transportation etc. for every participant. Though with use of the conventional accounting systems the benefits of the EDLP strategy compared to wholesale price discounting strategy are not evident for the buyer, ABC systems in most cases explicitly show the advantages of EDLP strategy. Eliminate gaming in shortage The aim of this measure is to deprive buyers of the incentives to exaggerate their orders in hope of the partial satisfaction of these orders by the suppliers. One of the simple ways to get rid of this reason of Bullwhip effect appearance is as following: in case of shortage the supplier can allocate products to the customers not based on their orders, but in proportion to past sales records. Also the buyers desire for gaming may be lessened if the supplier shares its capacity and inventory information with them. The other way of fighting with buyers gaming desire is to use strict supply contracts that restrict buyers flexibility in ordering unlimited quantities of goods and free cancelling of orders. However, we have to admit that the above mentioned measures of reduction of the Bullwhip effect are not exhaustive and cannot fully eliminate the existence of this effect. A number of scientific papers mathematically prove that the Bullwhip effect still exists even when demand information is shared by all stages of the supply chain and all stages use the same forecasting technique and inventory policy (Chen et al., 2000), and even if almost all of the above described causes (like batching, price fluctuations etc.) are removed (Croson Donohue, 2003). This gives us the understanding that the Bullwhip effect problem still needs to be closely scrutinized and other ways of reducing this effect are still need to be developed. Conclusion In our concise but, we hope, substantial overview we tried to reflect different approaches to the understanding of the phenomenon called The Bullwhip effect and the negative effects that it brings to the members of a supply chain, and to describe the most sound, to our opinion, ways of reducing this effect, that were introduced by the researchers during the past two decades. We also found that though during the last years to the investigation of this matter a lot of scientists devoted a lot of their efforts, the problem of getting rid of the Bullwhip effect in a supply chain has not yet been solved completely: a number of scientific papers mathematically prove that the Bullwhip effect still exists even when almost all of the discovered (so far) causes of its appearance (like batching, price fluctuations etc.) are removed. This means that the Bullwhip effect problem still needs to be closely scrutinized and other ways of reducing this effect are still need to be developed.

Nike- Huma Resources Essay -- essays research papers

It all started with a simple handshake between two running geeks in Eugene, Oregon and now they own the world's most competitive sports and fitness company. The Pacific Northwest is Nike's hometown but like so many ambitious souls, they have expanded their horizons to every part of the world. Nike has two headquarters; it’s World Headquarters in Oregon and its European Headquarters in The Netherlands. Those two running geeks are Bill Bowerman and Phil Knight. The long lived business partnership began in 1962 as Blue Ribbon Sports (BRS). Their first year sales were $8,000 and every year after proceeded to increase. In 1972 they changed their company name to Nike. The word Nike comes from the Greek winged goddess of victory. They have achieved victory over the past 30 years. Through those years Nike has remained focused on creating performance opportunities for everyone who would benefit and offered empowering messages for everyone who would listen. Nike has a great accomplishment of servicing human potential through sports. Bill Bowerman was a legendary track and field coach at the University of Oregon. He was a teacher who showed athletes the secrets of achievement. From him Nike has derived their mission and through his eyes they see their future. The Nike mission is "to bring innovation and inspiration to every athlete in the world. If you have a body, you are an athlete." As long as there are athletes, there will be Nike. In achieving their mission Nike has a vision for their company. The Nike brand has three areas of focus in their vision of success for their company. The first one is to play a role in effecting positive, systemic change in working conditions within their industries. They believe that in order for market forces to have responsible competitiveness, consumers must be able to reward brands and suppliers using fact based information. Their second vision is to create innovative and sustainable products. They apply this vision to their two long term aspirations: eliminating waste and eliminating toxics. Nike feels by achieving sustainable products they will be able to prevent a separation between the coolest athletic products and the environment. They have selected these two goals in the physical sciences because if they can achieve that then objectively they are moving toward sustainability. They are beginning to include the s... ...02, Nike was the only company to be given a perfect score. Only 28 companies were given perfect scores in 2003. In 2004, that number doubled to 56. Nike has been established in corporate responsibility years before other companies. Since 2001, more than 300 of Nike's top level U.S. executives attend three-day diversity workshops, a commitment of time that reflects the value of Nike's places in supporting a diverse workforce. Nike also began offering one-day workshops for additional managers, since 2003 an additional 700 managers have completed these training sessions. Before doing this paper I felt that Nike was successful because they continue to have innovative marketing. They have made an impact with their advertising and they strive to endorse their brands with athletes. I also felt that Nike’s success was due to their great quality of products. My thoughts still hold true but I do feel now, after doing this paper, that Nike is successful because of their employee involvement and also their environment awareness. As a young adult, I also find it very aspiring that one of Nike’s goals is to support the youth with their right to physical activity.

Essay --

Death Sentence is not an Effective Deterrent Experts have shown that the death penalty has not proved to be a strong deterrent (Michael, 2009). They also believe that life imprisonment is better deterrent than capital punishment as it spoils the whole life of the criminal that way instilling the fear in other possibility criminal (Michael, 2009). Some criminologists states that â€Å"society is brutalized by the use of the death penalty, and this increases the likelihood of more murder† (Michael, 2009). This means that it increases the chance of future murders in societies. Statistics expose that states that do not have the death penalty in the US have lower murder rates compared to other states(Michael, 2009). On the other hand likewise, murder rates are higher in the US states that practice the death penalty than they are in Canada or Europe where the death penalty is not practiced (Parks,2009). The reason for its inefficacy as deterrence may be because there are some holes in the legal system of many countries. There are several examples when murders are committed in anger and without thinking of the consequences. Prominent politicians believe that the death penalty may be ineffective as a deterrent because murders often happen under the influence of drugs or alcohol; "It is my own experience that those executed in Texas were not deterred by the existence of the death penalty law. I think in most cases you'll find that the murder was committed under severe drug and alcohol abuse (Hood &Hoyle, 2008)". A survey done by the criminologists in US shows that the majority argued against the death penalty on deterrence. It was based on the questionnaires and 88 percent of responders stated that ... ...ountries have abolished the death punishment, while other countries still practice this penalty. This essay has argued that there is an urgent need to abolish capital punishment in all countries. Possible reasons for retaining the death penalty, including the idea of revenge , effectiveness of the death penalty and the right to life have been examined. This paper has also explored arguments that support abolishing death penalty. These include the failure of this punishment to deter criminals, the right to life and the social balance. Whether the death penalty is abolished or not depends on the legal system of any country. However, human life and safety should be respected by government. It is clear that further research is needed in this area, there would seem to be considerable evidence that all governments in the world should abolish the death penalty.

Resisting Negative Peer Pressure Essay -- Peer Pressure Essays

"God made you so you can be your own individual. You shouldn't be anyone else." -- Wyclef Jean "Everything don't mean a thing if it ain't the thing you want. Express Yourself!" -- Charles Wright Remember when you were first taught the concept of peer pres ­sure back in elementary school? Your teachers educated you on the value of respecting yourself and others around you and to nev ­er force someone to do something that they do not want to do. As we get older, the lessons of peer pressure go on without much to say. We experience life and learn from our mistakes. We think that we carry our wits about us every ­where we go when we are with groups of people. We may think that we, as older students, are not subjected to peer pressure, but it happens more times than we think. As students from high school transition into college, times can be rough. They have to get used to their new environment and adapt to any changes that come their way. Someone who was not into the party scene in high school might wind up living on a floor that is wild and crazy, and they will have to adapt to their environment in order to fit in with everyone else. Next thing they know their whole persona changes. They be ­gin to think differently, dress differently, and act differently just to fit in with a group of people. It is crazy to think that a group of peo ­ple can have such a massive influence on one person, but someone’s lifestyle can be changed drastically just by conforming and adopting to other people’s values and actions as they forget about their own. However, peer pressure does not only relate to the party scene. Students can experience peer pressure when it comes to doing well in their classes. If every ­one else is stressing out, you are... ... to dress a certain way or act a certain way, just so that I could fit in with them. I think now is the perfect time to say, â€Å"ain’t no body got time for that!† And that’s just it. Ain’t no body got time for that. Nobody should have time to conform to other people’s wants and needs. We should be surrounding ourselves with people who are accepting us for what we have to offer. However, for some people, they succumb to the peer pressures in college. In college it is all about finding your nitch; what you are good at, establishing a group of friends, and participating in activities and organizations you want to be a part of. College is not about seeking approval from others, it is about seeking approval from yourself. You are the only person that is standing in your way to be successful, so do not let anyone pressure you to do something that will dull your sparkle. Resisting Negative Peer Pressure Essay -- Peer Pressure Essays "God made you so you can be your own individual. You shouldn't be anyone else." -- Wyclef Jean "Everything don't mean a thing if it ain't the thing you want. Express Yourself!" -- Charles Wright Remember when you were first taught the concept of peer pres ­sure back in elementary school? Your teachers educated you on the value of respecting yourself and others around you and to nev ­er force someone to do something that they do not want to do. As we get older, the lessons of peer pressure go on without much to say. We experience life and learn from our mistakes. We think that we carry our wits about us every ­where we go when we are with groups of people. We may think that we, as older students, are not subjected to peer pressure, but it happens more times than we think. As students from high school transition into college, times can be rough. They have to get used to their new environment and adapt to any changes that come their way. Someone who was not into the party scene in high school might wind up living on a floor that is wild and crazy, and they will have to adapt to their environment in order to fit in with everyone else. Next thing they know their whole persona changes. They be ­gin to think differently, dress differently, and act differently just to fit in with a group of people. It is crazy to think that a group of peo ­ple can have such a massive influence on one person, but someone’s lifestyle can be changed drastically just by conforming and adopting to other people’s values and actions as they forget about their own. However, peer pressure does not only relate to the party scene. Students can experience peer pressure when it comes to doing well in their classes. If every ­one else is stressing out, you are... ... to dress a certain way or act a certain way, just so that I could fit in with them. I think now is the perfect time to say, â€Å"ain’t no body got time for that!† And that’s just it. Ain’t no body got time for that. Nobody should have time to conform to other people’s wants and needs. We should be surrounding ourselves with people who are accepting us for what we have to offer. However, for some people, they succumb to the peer pressures in college. In college it is all about finding your nitch; what you are good at, establishing a group of friends, and participating in activities and organizations you want to be a part of. College is not about seeking approval from others, it is about seeking approval from yourself. You are the only person that is standing in your way to be successful, so do not let anyone pressure you to do something that will dull your sparkle.

Psychoanalytic Approach to Eating Disorders

NHS states that the average GP will have one to two anorexic patients in their practice. However, this is probably more, as eating disorders are such a secret, and many people do not come forth to be treated. Anorexia is a mental eating disorder, characterised by; refusal to maintain normal weight for ones age and height, (more than 15 percent below predicted weight. intense fear of becoming obese, which doesn’t diminish even with weight loss, body image distortion and absence of at least three consecutive menstrual cycles expected to occur (in women sufferes) For many years psychoanalytic theorists have been interested in the distal influences on anorexia nervosa an extremely common eating disorder. It has been argued that the psychoanalytic approach has made great contribution to understanding mental disorders such as the later, not just through theories, but also through therapies and case studies.This essay will touch upon the aforementioned topics. It became clear that al though the psychoanalytic theory has, and forever will make massive contribution in our understanding of mental disorder, there are many fundamental flaws of the theory. There are many theories under the broad umbrella of psychoanalysis, this essay will begin discussing the personality theories such as the ‘object relations theory’; this psychoanalytic theory describes the process of developing the mind as one grows in relation to others in the environment, primarily the family and especially between mother and child.Palazzoli proposed an object relations theory of the mental disorder anorexia nervosa. Palazzoli formulated that the anorexic patient identifies her body with her ‘bad’ internalized mother, who has not been integrated with her psyche. The body is internalised as a maternal object, therefore when changes begin at puberty, the child sees this as a direct attack from the internalised mother. The patient’s response is to fight back against t he internalised mother by controlling her body through controlling food intake and exercising.Therefore the psychoanalytic approach proves to have contributed to our understanding mental disorder greatly. However, one weakness of this theory would be that the theory is highly theoretical, therefore all data is based on a concept that cannot be verified objectively. On the other hand, Art therapy has qualities which are integrated with the object relations theory allowing the patient to express unconscious internal material without activating defence mechanisms, proving the psychoanalytic theory to be key in our understanding of mental disorder.Another personality theory that comes under psychoanalysis would be Freud’s theory of psychosexual development. Freud expressed that if there was any problem at any of the stages of development, stressful experiences would arise in adult life through regression. The link from this theory to anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa would be f ixation in the phallic stage of development (3-6), Males have the capacity to develop the Oedipus complex, while females, the Electra complex. At this stage children begin to differentiate between male and females through genital awareness.Males are intrigued by their mothers and are jealous of their father’s intrusion, resulting in castration anxiety. In the case of the female, she is attracted to her father, and realises that she doesn’t have a penis, this leads to penis envy and the wish to be a boy, she too internalises these feelings. However Freud argued that fixation for both male and female children can occur at this point through displacement of their ‘feelings’ onto their bodies thus resulting in vanity, preoccupation with body shape, and anorexia.Freud (1889/ 1954) likened eating disorders to † a melancholia occurring when sexuality has been underdeveloped†¦Loss of appetite is in sexual terms loss of libido†. Ironically Freudâ⠂¬â„¢s daughter suffered from anorexia. While this psychoanalytical explanation is effective in helping to understand mental disorder such as anorexia there are weaknesses; perhaps one of the biggest weaknesses is that Freud doesn’t place enough emphasis on culture or society and how both factors play a massive role in a child’s behaviours.Erickson argues that too much emphasis is placed on sexual urges and not enough on later factors, and many argue that much of freuds work is highly reductionistic. However it could be urged that Freud provided a valuable insight into how early experiences affect adult personality and how these fixations can lead to psychological problems and mental disorder in later life. Another weakness put forth was one by neo Freudian Karen Horney; she argued against penis envy and claimed that this was merely a woman’s envy of men’s power in the world, which was justified.She also claimed that womb envy occurs just as much in men, and that men were envious of a woman’s ability to bear children. This therefore faults Freuds psychosexual theory, indicating that the psychoanalytic approach does not necessarily contribute to the understanding of mental disorders. The anal stage of the psychosexual model is also thought to be able to give a plausible explanation as to why mental disorders occur, i. e. anorexia nervosa.It is thought that the anal stage is when a child learns to control excretion and that fixation occurring at this stage could lead to power struggle, between the child and parent. Thus the child may feel the need to gain autonomy over themselves and their bodies, therefore creating an illusion of control and this could lead to mental disorders such as anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa. It is also thought that children experiencing conflicts at the anal stage can develop anal personality traits, namely those associated with orderliness, cleanliness or compulsion.The ‘anal retentive†™ personality is thought to be compulsive, and a perfectionist. This easily links with mental disorders such as anorexia nervosa. This proves the psychoanalytic approach to be key in our understanding of mental disorders. One criticism however is that most of Freud’s work is based on findings of case studies, single individual cases are often unique and there are problems with generalization, as individual differences occurs every day in amongst people, therefore results for one individual may be different for another.Although it has been argued that the order of behaviour and age ranges of the psychosexual stages are correct, thus giving us a deeper insight and better understanding of the contributions made from psycho analytics to childhood and mental disorder later on in life. Perhaps the most obvious link between Freud’s sexual stages and mental disorder such as anorexia nervosa is the ‘oral stage’ this stage is from around 0 to 18 months and is the first stage in the psychosexual model.It could be formulated that a child fixated at the oral stage could be preoccupied later on in life with food, thus, leading to anorexia nervosa. Supporting evidence for this was carried out by Jacobs at al (1966) using Rorschach inkblots to compare the orality of smokers and non-smokers. It was found that smokers emerged as possessing oral personality types, as this personality type is preoccupied with anything to do with the mouth, i. e. Thumb sucking, smoking, masticating and most obvious: eating, therefore mental disorders such as anorexia may be more likely to occur in these types of individuals.Thus the psychoanalytic contributes greatly to our understanding of mental disorder as the theory provides us with studies. On the other hand a weakness would be that the psychosexual stages model is simplistic and naive, as the assumption that only childhood experiences cause harm to the personality and that later experience are not harmful is simp listic. It could also be labelled deterministic, as the model implies that all children who are fixated at particular points in the stages will develop some sort of mental disorder which is untrue.Mental defence mechanisms also play an important part in the psychoanalytic theory of mental disorder. Freud theorised that a defence mechanism is a tactic developed by the ego to protect against anxiety and to safe guard the mind against feelings that society may look down upon or that are too difficult for the conscious mind to cope with. One important defence mechanism would be ‘displacement’ it is believed that the affect of painful memories that the mind can’t cope with can be displaced and then attached to another memory. Dare & Crowther 1995)This could be the case with many patients suffering from an eating disorder. i. e. Mary was sexually abused as a child. She doesn’t know how to cope with this, people at school then begin to bully her and call her fat. therefore her ego uses the defence mechanism of displacement, and displaces the bad memories of sexual abuse onto food, and refuses to eat and then develops anorexia. This shows how greatly the psychoanalytic theory contributes to our understanding of mental disorder.The case of the wolf man supports the theory of displacement. The wolf man first came to see Freud in 1910 with body dysmorphic disorder; The essential feature of this disorder is a preoccupation with an imagined defect in appearance or disproportionate concern with a slight physical anomaly. Wolf man suffered from anxiety and depression and approached Freud for treatment, explaining that he would have a recurrent dream that would wake him up on most nights.He would dream that he could see six white wolves sitting on a walnut tree staring at him outside of his window – the sight terrified him. Freud traced all his problems back to childhood neurosis. It turned out that when wolf man was around two years old that he had woken up and had seen his parents having sexual intercourse. The violence of this act had terrified him and since then he had been dreaming about and had developed a fear of wolves.It was argued that wolf man could then have seen copulation between animals in the papers and then have displaced this onto his parents. (Freud 1918) This is because the memory of seeing his parents having sexual intercourse had frightened him so much that the defence mechanism ‘displacement’ arose. In order to safe guard his conscious mind. This case study is proof that the psychoanalytic approach deeply aids us in the understanding of mental disorder. However it has been argued that there was no ‘unconscious’ and that all mental activity was conscious. Jean-Paul Sartre) the unconcious is also unfalsifiable and lacks explanatory or predictive value. Throughout this essay it may seem that the psychoanalytic approach contributes to our understanding of mental disorder, whi ch is supported by case studies and theories however there seem to be many weaknesses of the theory suggesting that theories may need to be revised and tweaked in order to provide us with substantial theories to explain mental disorders such as anorexia nervosa.In conclusion it seems that although the psychoanalytic approach has been influential and has many strong points, overall the theory is slightly discredited and doesn’t contribute to our understanding of mental disorder in the case of anorexia nervosa as much as it should for a theory that has been standing for so many years.

The Future of Nursing

The Affordable Care Act of 2010 (ACA) will have a great effect on nursing. According to this article nursing will have to change it role in the ACA and the three main categories that need to be changed and redeveloped is transforming practice, education and leadership. â€Å"The ACA outlines some new health care arrangements, and with these structures will come new opportunities for new roles. Nurses have the opportunity to play a central role in transforming the health care system to create a more accessible, high-quality, and value-driven environment for patients.If the system is to capitalize on this opportunity, however, the constraints of outdated policies, regulations, and cultural barriers, including those related to scope of practice, will have to be lifted, most notably for advanced practice registered nurses. † (IOM, 2010, p. 85) â€Å"The ACA will place many demands on health professionals. The legislation has begun the long process of shifting the focus of the U. S. health care system away from acute and specialty care. † (IOM, 2010, p.86) â€Å"When the system takes on another additional 32 million people soon to be covered by health insurance under the ACA would receive care in the coming years, it identified as a serious barrier. † (, 2010, p. 96) â€Å"If the United States is to achieve the necessary transformation of its health care system, the evidence points to the importance of relying on nurses in enhanced roles. † (IOM, 2010, pg. 87) This article however complain about number of educational grants and scholarships available and most individuals seek nursing education must finance it themselves.Yes because all college nursing programs are filled every year and cannot support more nursing programs these are filled by the private sector which requires student loans. However there is an abundance of money offered by United States’ government does provide more federal student loans than ever before.â€Å"Stud ent loan debt as of first quarter of 2012 was up to $904 billion which is up $241 Billion form a decade ago and it is said to reach well over trillion dollars by the end of the year. † (American Progress, 2012) â€Å"There is not enough nursing faculty to teach the current  number of nursing students, let alone the number of qualified applicants who wish to pursue nursing. † (Allan & Aldebron, 2008, p. 214) â€Å"The ACA and the need for APRNs, nurse faculty, and nurse researchers would have increased dramatically under any scenario. † (L R Cronenwett [RWJF Iniative on the Future of Nursing], 2010, table 1). â€Å"Not only must schools of nursing build their capacity to prepare more students. Nursing need to focus on fundamental improvements in the delivery of nursing care to improve patient safety and quality is key. † (IOM, 2010, p.  208)Those involved in the health care system—nurses, physicians, patients, and others—play increasingly interdependent roles. Leaders who merely give directions and expect them to be followed will not succeed in this environment. What is needed is a style of leadership that involves working with others as full partners in a context of mutual respect and collaboration (A Pearson, H Laschinger, K Porritt, Z Jordan, D Tucker and L Long [International Journal of Evidence-Based health Care], 2007, p. 224). Looking to the future, nurse leaders will need the skills and knowledge to understand and anticipate population trends.  (IOM, 2010, p. 234)In conclusion The Affordable Care Act of 2010 will place many demands on health care professionals, and it will offer many opportunities to create a system that is more patient centered. The will be much focus on these three initial roles practice, education and leadership. We still must remember the system is getting 34 more million people and a push for changing our current system from acute care to a preventive system and this will not happen ov ernight. It is 2014 and most of us still do not know what is in this health care law, how it will affect us and what it will cost us?Let alone what it will take to change practice, education and leadership across the whole country. This undertaking may take decades to implement. We could have only wished this law was written by doctors and nursing professional with details about where and how the system would be changing yet it was written by lawyer, lobbyist and our Congress that was more concerned about pushing it through than reading it. Nursing is definitely going to play a huge role in this transformation and yes the practice, education and leadership is going to be part of the key of getting this done.

Communication Today

Many people have started taking short cuts in our modern world. The human population is doing everything they can to speed through life. One such short cut is the way society communicates. Though out the last several decades the technology that has connected all walks of life has dramatically changed, it went from word of mouth to the written word, to telephones and beyond. Now texting and wall postings are forms of communicating with friends and family all over the world. Many believe that these kinds of networks are destroying our communications as a society. However, these networks allow people to stay in constant connection with many people at once, they are convenient, and safe to use. Social networking sites like Facebook, Myspace and many others connect people to all their friends and extended family members all at once in a number of ways. One such way is by statuses update which is when people say what is on their minds or what they might be doing that day. Another is posting pictures of just about anything so that family members who otherwise wouldn’t see them until a get together if at all could see them. People who are no longer near their loved ones benefit the most from these status updates. This constantly updated form of communication is almost as good as being with the loved one. With people all over the world using networking sites they have become more excusable, from being available at local public libraries to the convenience of being at the ready on a personal cell phone or other hand held devices free of charge. The convenience this has added allows people to not only update their statues at any time, but also post pictures of what is going on in their daily lives on the spot no matter where they are from their wireless devices. This enables all the friends and family connected to that persons page to know what is going on in someone's life who they may not get a chance to talk to on a daily bases. Facebook as well as many other sites are very safe to use (if the proper measures are taken) that everyone has started making pages, from kids in middle school all the way up to those kids grandparents. Such sites allows the user to set it up their page anyway they want. They give many choices on who is allowed to view that particular page. The options consist of blocking the page from everyone who is not on the user’s friends list and not being able to be found in a search, to having a completely open page where anyone can see all that the sight as to offer. †¨Most of these sights also have restrictions to where would be users are blocked from using the sites at all, or with other such precautions Everyday people are becoming afraid that our communication between friends and families are breaking down a little more every second. This is simply not true; in fact it is the opposite because of how rapidly technology is changing it allowing us to communicate at any given moment with all our friends and family. With statues updates and wall postings at our finger tips we are more connected at any given moment now than ever before. Sites like Myspace, Facebook, and many other are the main way that people in today’s society communicate do to the face that as a group we are speeding through life at warp speed.

My Clothes

Clothes can tell a lot about a person. As we all know that clothes are very important thing which can describe our personality. In order to describe ourselves we always make sure that our clothes are perfect. The are a lot of examples can tell about someone judging from the clothes he or she wears. Let’s say for example, when you are going to job interview and wear t-shirt with jeans, this would make a bad impression about you. For job interview you should be wearing something formal like a black suit. Take, for instance the colors of clothes.The colors is very important thing because each color have meaning. To be more clear, the black color is the most misunderstood color. A black tie dinner is very formal and elegant. Women can wear that â€Å"must have little black dress† to the black tie dinner. Also the color white the color of purity. Brides wear white in many countries, because white symbolizes a virgin. White means kindness. In some cultures white is worn at fu nerals. A final example is that in every place or event you must be careful about what you are wearing.For instance, when you want to go to consolation you shouldn’t be wearing something with brightly colors or wearing a lot of jewelry, you can do that things you are going to party or to celebrates with friends. We must be careful to choose the clothes that really represents us and that sometimes or some places have a different type of clothes which you should be wearing. Finally, always make sure that you wear the perfect thing because people will judge you from your clothes.

How have ideas about race been shaped by changing economic, social and Essay

How have ideas about race been shaped by changing economic, social and political circumstances - Essay Example Those who belong to a particular ethnic group maintain shared cultural heritages, language, social ideologies, religions, rituals and biological ancestry (Peoples and Bailey 2010). By applying a definition to ethnicity, society is able to make distinctions between different social groups. Race, however, is a construct that is absolutely considerate of anatomical attributes. Race is defined by Cornell and Hartman (2007) as the method by which groups are able to define themselves through the commonality of physical attributes that are shared biologically throughout a society or culture. Race is determined by the meaning that is placed on these shared characteristics. People who share common physical features determine which specific attributes are significant and then attempt to organise groups according to a perceived set of boundaries and then develop social ideologies that give the aforementioned boundaries or characterisation a relevant meaning which serves as the foundation for race. Hence, race is very much a social creation whilst ethnicity is more concerned with the tangible similarities of a particular group. Race serves to mould the social and political methodologies by which the world is classified and organised. The concept of race was formed in global and regional cultures as a product of various socio-political systems that recognised denial and opportunity (Dalmage 2010). Race has become substantially rooted in the structures that guide societies, a form of institutionalisation of perceived human value and relevancy constructed through centuries of changing economic, political and social circumstances. The conception of race as a social interpretation is ever-changing and the meanings and values assigned to various races evolve when it becomes advantageous to those maintaining power within a society. Those who represent dominant groups, such as the European whites in the 17th Century, often assign race to less-advantaged groups as a method

Compare the Hindu and Buddhist styles of representing divinity Essay

Compare the Hindu and Buddhist styles of representing divinity - Essay Example It highly reflects the prevailing theme at the time in which Japan took pride in its genius through the fields of religion, philosophy, art, and rich literature. While the fundamental color of brilliance is perceived through the coating to designate in equilibrium the simplicity of brightness through wood carving, the Hindu sculpture has, among the revered gods Vishnu, Shiva, Krishna, and some others, on the contrary been worked using stone or hard rock medium to enhance the proper locus of the aspects with light. A rare sculpture of ‘Vishnu’ seated on a Naga coil under the five hoods of the serpent deity is stone-made. Found at the Nithyakalyanaswamy temple at Thiruvidanthai, the statue is said to date from the Vijayanagara period during the 17th century. Contrary to the standing position of the Bodhisattva of Compassion, Vishnu is depicted sitting in a relaxed posture to signify an aura of meditative heights achieved. This ‘Vishnu on Naga Coil’ is well-ado rned as opposed to the plain appearance of the Buddhist sculpture.

Mary Wollstonecrafts A Vindication of the Rights of Woman Essay

Mary Wollstonecrafts A Vindication of the Rights of Woman - Essay Example Grounding the idea of female rights, Wollstonecraft bases herself upon positions of the liberal theory of English philosopher John Lock about necessity of recognition of equal rights for all "full citizens". Paradox of the concept of liberalism of Lock, directed against despotism of absolute power, is that as "full citizens" of a potential liberal society he considered independent in relation to a monarch owners private, mainly the land property, which first of all are attributed with the ability to possess intellect, that is to be rational subjects (be capable to operate own land). "The central idea behind Wollstonecraft's work is that women are rational beings and should be treated as such"2. According to Mary Wollstonecraft, as the theorist of the liberal concept of female rights, the most important becomes the philosophical thesis about recognition of a female subject rational. Only in that case a woman has a chance to enter into a liberal continuum of "full citizenship" described by Lock. The other significant thesis is that female sensuality is not purely natural, but socially caused characteristic. Wollstonecraft states, "But, if women are to be excluded, without having a voice from a participation of the natural rights of mankind, prove first, to ward off the charge of injustice and inconsistency, that they want reason - else this flaw in your NEW CONSTITUTION will ever shew that man must, in some shape, act like a tyrant, and tyranny, in whatever part of society it rears its brazen front, will ever undermine morality"3.In conformity with the above said theoretical issues, considering modern position of women Wollstonecraft recognizes that the majority of women are not yet ready to act in a line with men as their intellect is insufficiently developed because of prevalence of sensual characteristics in it.However this position, in her opinion, is not a consequence of the special nature, female sensuality as considered Russo, or particular qualities of female intell ect as considered Kant. Such state of facts first of all is a result of the limited female education, and secondly of deprivations of women of basic civil rights, that is a consequence of certain social reasons which can be changed. Wollstonecraft's aim particularly in "A Vindication of the Rights of Woman" is "to add the individual and civil rights of women to the universal category"4. Therefore the main philosophical thesis of enlighteners, which was a subject of Wollstonecraft's critic, is Russo's thesis about "the special female nature", in which sensuality prevails of intellect. Wollstonecraft considers that femininity in that form as it is described by Russo, is a repressive social construct, which will cease to exist provided that socialization of women will pass in the same conditions as socialization of men. The basic object of criticism of Wollstonecraft is so-called "superfluous sensuality" which is imputed to women in Russo's philosophical concept. In her book the author opposes men, who are admired of excessive female sensitivity and stand up for its development. It calls such men "tyrants of sexuality", and women, which agree to cultivate such type of sensuality in itself (sensuality of a sexual object) she calls "slaves of pleasures". Wollstonecraft accepts that owing to sensuality women has an opportunity to use a special form of

Discrimination and Male-Female Earnings Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5500 words

Discrimination and Male-Female Earnings - Essay Example Even so, in terms of pay, women are seen to receive less than men. Research has shown that on similar levels of an organizational hierarchy, men make almost twenty-five percent more than that earned by women. Many experts are of the opinion that pay discrimination is a myth in present globalized economy. They are of the opinion that such pay differentials largely occur due to certain social factors such as, a difference of education, choice of job and difference in career objectives. Hence, it cannot be adequately termed as discrimination. Even after taking into account such factors, it has been observed that unfair discrimination of wages still exists. Women in the modern economic world constitute almost half the workforce in most industries. Women, although are not the primary, are considered as equal breadwinners in five out of ten families in most developing nations. In most societies, women obtain similar or even more education than men. Yet, it is seen that most institutions pr efer paying women lesser. The studies conducted over gender discrimination of wages suggest that if the wage gap continues to widen as its present level, then it would take another fifty years for women to earn at the same level (Gardeazabal and Ugidos 165). Women continue to be discriminated in respect of pay, hiring, and promotions. These factors have become so common in the workplace that women have begun accepting them as part of their work life. Â  The first few years after graduation are the most important period for both men and women in respect of starting and setting up their career paths. At this time, both the counterparts are young, unmarried and have very little or no job experience.